Jmo_§VH$mMr amO^mfm _amR>r ìhmdr, `mgmR>r Jmo_§VH$s` OZVoZo AZoH$ df} ñdV:g amO^mfm{df`H$ bT>çmV Jw§VdyZ R>odbo. `m g§Kfm©Mr n[aUVr åhUOo _amR>r ^mfobm amO^mfm åhUyZ Omhra H$aÊ`mg emgZmZo ZH$ma {Xbm. Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mbI§S>mV _amR>r ^mfoÀ`m _hÎdm{df`rMr OmU A{YH$ dmTy>Z {Vbm amO^mfm åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mgmR>rMm AmJ«h {Xdg|{Xdg Omoa YarV Amho. _amR>r g§ñH¥$Vr, gm{hË` d ^mfm `m§Mo g§JmonZ d g§dY©Z {ZH$mon d `moOZm~Õ nÕVrZo ìhmdo, `mgmR>r Jmo_§VH$ _amR>r AH$mX_rMr ñWmnZm {X. 16 Am°JñQ> 1987 _Ü`o nUOrV Pmbr. VËnydu åhUOo a{d. {X. 24 _o 1987 amoOr g. 10 dm. nUOr `oWo Jmo_§VH$ gm{hË` godH$ _§S>imÀ`m g^mJ¥hmV _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mr EH$ g^m g§nÞ hmoD$Z Jmo_§VH$ _amR>r AH$mX_rÀ`m Am_g^oÀ`m 61 OmJm {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. Ë`mM g^oV, AH$mX_rMr H$m`©H$jm, C{Ôï>o, {Z`_mdbr, KQ>Zm, {ZdS>UyH$ nÕV, gXñ` g§»`m dJ¡ao ~m~tda MMm© hmoD$Z R>amd g§_V H$aÊ`mV Ambo. AH$mX_rÀ`m ñWmnZonmgyZ Vmo AmOn`ªVMm H$mbI§S> `mMm _mJmodm KoVë`mg EH$ Jmoï> àH$fm©Zo OmUdVo, Vr åhUOo, ""_amR>r Am_Mr _mV¥^mfm Amho, {VMo g§dY©Z Pmbo nm{hOo'', ""_mV¥^mfoVyZ {ejU {Xbo H$s kmZmMm nm`m nŠH$m hmoVmo'', ""_amR>rMm {dH$mg hmM Jmo_§VH$mMm {dH$mg'' BË`mXr dmŠ`o KmofdmŠ`o Z amhVm gdmªZm _yV© ñdê$n XoÊ`mV Jmo_§VH$ _amR>r AH$mX_r gdm©Wm©Zo `eñdr R>abr.

_amR>rMo __Îd

_amR>rMo __Ëd H$emgmR>r? _amR>rÀ`m {damoYH$m§Mo EH$ Amnbo ~ao Amho. Ë`m§À`m ^mfoÀ`m {dH$mgmMr H$mg Z YaVm, _amR>r ^mfoÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m AmS> Oo Oo H$mhr H$aVm `oUo eŠ` Amho, Ë`m Ë`m CR>mR>odr H$aÊ`mV hr bmoH§$ Zoh_rM VËna AgVmV. _amR>r ^mfm Jmo_§VH$mMr ^mfm Zmhr, ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaM {VMo AmJ_Z `m àXoemV Pmbo, _amR>r {ejH$m§Zr {VMr Am`mV _hmamï—>mVyZ BWo Ho$br, `m ^y_rer {VMm H$mhrEH$ g§~§Y Zmhr, Aem àH$maMr ImoQ>r dŠVì`o H$aÊ`mV _amR>rMo {damoYH$ Zoh_rM AmKmS>rda AgVmV. _hm{dÚmb`rZ `wdH$m§nwT>o Aem àH$maMm Omo AnàMma H$aÊ`mV `oVmo. Ë`m_wio H$mhr `wdH$ Aem ImoQ>çm àMmambm ~ir nS>VmV. Jmo_§VH$s` OZVm _amR>rMo __Îd nydm©nma gm§JV Ambr Amho. Vo _amR>rMo __Îd _J H$emgmR>r? _amR>r _mPr Amho. Vr _mPr _mV¥^mfm Amho. Vr _mPr na§nam Amho. Vr _mPr g§ñH¥$Vr Amho. {VMm _bm A{^_mZ Amho. {VMo _r ñdm{_Ëd _mZVmo. ho __Îd _r H$m gm§JVmo? H$moUmgmR>r gm§JVmo?

Jmo_§VH$s` _amR>rMm B{Vhmg

Jmo_§VH$s` _amR>r ^mfobm \$ma _moR>r na§nam d B{Vhmg Amho. `m B{VhmgmMr gwédmV gmVdmhZ amÁ`H$Ë`mªnmgyZ hmoVo. gmVdmhZ amOm§Zr _hmamï—>mgh H$moH$UmV d Jmo_§VH$mV amÁ` Ho$bo. gmVdmhZ ho "AnamÝV' `m amÁ`mMo ñdm_r hmoVo. H$moH$U aËZm{Jar, gmd§VdmS>r, H$moëhmnya, H$madma, ~oiJmd Am{U Jmo_§VH$ `m eham§Mm g_mdoe Ë`mH$mir Anam§V_Ü`o hmoVm Am{U Ë`mMr amOYmZr H$moëhmnya hmoVr. B. g. nyd© 230 Am{U B. g. 230 EHy$U 460 df] gmVdmhZm§Zr Jmo_§VH$mda (Anam§V) amÁ` Ho$bo. `m àXrK© amOdQ>rV gmVdmhZmZr Am{W©H$ g§ñH¥${V, gm{hË`, H$bm, {ejU d _amR>r ^mfm `m joÌm§V _moR>o `e g§nmXZ Ho$bo. Jmo_§VH$s` _amR>r ^mfobm 2233 dfmªMm B{Vhmg Amho, Ago åhQ>ë`mg dmdJo R>ê$ Z`o.

_amR>r Vm_«nQ> Am{U {ebmboI

Jmo_§VH$mVrb _amR>rÀ`m B{Vhmgmg§~§Yr Á`mdoir {dMma _§WZ hmoVo, Ë`mdoir {ZpíMVnUo _amR>r Vm_«nQ> Am{U {ebmboI `mg§~§YrMo {díbofU H$aUo Oê$arMo R>aVo.
_amR>r ^mfoMm B{Vhmg gm§JUmao EHy$U VrZ Vm_«nQ> Am{U gmV {ebmboI Jmo_§VH$mV gmnS>bo. _amR>r ^mfoVrb ho {ebmboI ho Jmo_§VH$mVrb _amR>r ^mfoMr H$mbJUZm H$aÊ`mg hmV^ma bmdVmV.

1) H$mgmanmbMm ({S>Mmobr VmbwH$m) ZmJXodmMm Vm_«nQ> B. g. 1236.
`m Vm_«nQ>mMo EHy$U VrZ ^mJ. Ë`mVrb XmoZ ^mJ g§ñH¥$V ^mfoV AgyZ EH$ ^mJ _amR>r ^mfoV Amho. H$X§~ amOmMo CÎmam{YH$mar amOm ZmJXod `m§Zr `m Vm_«nQ>mÛmao ^y{_XmZ ~hmb Ho$bo Amho. g§ñH¥$V ^mfo~amo~a _amR>r hr `m àXoemMr amO^mfm hmoVr, ho `m_wio {gÕ hmoVo. g§V kmZoídam§Zr B. g. 1290 _Ü`o Ami§Xr `oWo "kmZoídar' {b{hbr. VËnydu Odi Odi 54 df] _amR>r hr Jmo_§VH$mMr amO^mfm hmoVr.

2) _bIUo (_iH$U}) Ho$no {ebmboI
B. g. 13 ì`m eVH$mV H$moabobm hm _amR>r {ebmboI _iH$U} JmdmVë`m _{„H$mOw©Z _§{XamÀ`m COì`m ~mOybm draJi {eioda AmT>ibm.

3) ~mùir (Ho$no VmbwH$m) {ebmboI
H$X§~amOmÀ`m amOdQ>rV B. g. 13 _Ü`o hm _amR>r {ebmboI {b{hbm. Ho$no VmbwŠ`mVrb ~mùir `m Jmdr Hw§$S>oída _§{XamOdi EH$m {eioda hm boI H$moabm Amho.

4) Ho$ar (\$m|S>m VmbwH$m) {ebmboI
hm {ebmboI Ho$ar `oWrb Zmam`U _§{XamVrb _yVuÀ`m S>mì`m ~mOyg H$moabobm Amho. `m {ebmboImMr {bnr _amR>r XodZmJar AgyZ H$mi A§XmOo 13 do eVH$.

5) doao (gmdB© doao, \$m|S>m VmbwH$m) Vm_«nQ>
B. g. 1299 _Ü`o hm Vm_«nQ> {d_mZ_§Ìr `mZr ~hmb Ho$bm. `m Vm_«nQ>mMr {bnr hmioH$ÞS> AgyZ ^mfm _amR>r Amho.

6) Im§S>moim (\$m|S>m VmbwH$m) Vm_«nQ>
\$m|S>m VmbwŠ`mVrb Im§S>moim `oWo hm Vm_«nQ> gmnS>bm. hm Vm_«nQ> B. g. 13 ì`m eVH$mVrb AgyZ Im§S>moù`mÀ`m JmdH$è`mZr Vmo V`ma Ho$bm. hm Vm_«nQ> hmio H$ÞS> _Ü`o {b{hbm AgyZ ^mfm _amR>r Amho.

7) doiyg (gÎmar VmbwH$m) {ebmboI
B. g. 1402 àñVwV {ebmboI hm Jmo_§VH$mVrb gÎmar VmbwŠ`mVbm "doiwg' `m JmdmVrb AgyZ lr adiZmW Xodmg {bhÿZ {Xboë`m XmZmMo Vnerbdma dU©Z `mV gmnS>Vo. `mMr ^mfm _amR>r d {bnr XodZmJar Amho.

8) doiyg (gÎmar) {ÛVr` {ebmboI
B. g. 1408 _Yrb ho XmZnÌ _amR>r ^mfoV AgyZ {dO`ZJaMm g§J_ Xodam` (àW_) `m amOmZo Vo ~hmb Ho$bo Amho. `mMr ^mfm _amR>r d {bnr XodZmJar Amho.

9) ~m§XmoS>o (\$m|S>m VmbwH$m) {ebmboI
B. g. 1413 _Yrb hm {ebmboI Jmo_§VH$mVrb ~m§XmoS>o `oWo lr ZmJoída _§{XamÀ`m àH$mamV {_imbm. _hmamOm Xodam` ({dO`ZJa) `m§À`m H$mbI§S>mV ho XmZ XoÊ`mV Ambo. `mMr ^mfm _amR>r d {bnr XodZmJar Amho.

10) Hw§$H$ùirMm (gmgï>r VmbwH$m) {ebmboI
B. g. 1579 ^mfm _amR>r. {dÇ>bXmg {dR>moOr `mZo ""{edqbJ am_oída `m XodVoMr nwZ: à{Vð>mnZm Ho$ë`mMr Zm|X Ë`mV AmT>iVo. `mMr ^mfm _amR>r d {bnr XodZmJar Amho.

g§Vm§Mr A^§JdmUr

 g§Vm§À`m A^§JdmUrMo \$ma _moR>o F$U Jmo_§VH$s` _amR>r g§ñH¥$Vrda Amho. g§V {Zd¥ÎmrZmWm§nmgyZ Vo g§V {Zimo~mam` `m§À`m H$mbI§S>mn`ªV g§Vm§Zr _amR>r ^mfm, gm{hË` d g§ñH¥$Vr `m§V EH$ _moR>r d¡Mm[aH$ OS>U-KS>U {Z_m©U Ho$br. g§Vm§Mo ho CnH$ma _amR>r OZVm H$YrM {dgê$ eH$V Zmhr. Jmo_§VH$s` _amR>r gm{hË`mV kmV Pmbobm n{hbm _amR>r J«§W åhUOoM H¥$îUXmg em_m `m§Mm "H¥$îUM[aÌ' hm EH§$Xa 3135 Amoì`m§Mm J«§W. Ë`m§Zr gXa J«§W B. g. 1526 _Ü`o Hw$Ç>mirZOrH$ Agboë`m Ho$ier `m JmdmV em§VmXwJ}À`m gm{ÞÜ`mV ~gyZ {b{hbm.

\$mXa ñQ>r\$Z `m§Zr B. g. 1616 _Ü`o "{¼ñVnwamU' {bhÿZ _w{ÐV Ho$bo.
B. g. 1510 _Ü`o nmoVw©JrOm§Mr Jmo_§VH$mV gÎmm gwê$ Pmbr. {VgdmS>r, ~mX}e, gmgï>r d _waJmd ho VmbwHo$ Ë`m§Zr gmoimì`m eVH$mV H$m~rO Ho$bo. BWbr emgH$s` Xáao, XñVEodO Ë`mMà_mUo Ym{_©H$ J«§W dJ¡ao Ë`m§Zr OmiyZ Q>mH$bo. `m Mmahr VmbwŠ`mZm OwZr H$m{~OmX Ago åhUVmV. Cd©arV gmV VmbwŠ`m§da nmoVw©JrOm§Zr AR>amì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V gÎmm {_i{dbr.

nmoVw©JrO BWo `oÊ`mnydu BWbr emgH$s` XáamMr ^mfm H$moUVr hmoVr?

Jmo_§VH$mÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§naoV H$mo_w{ZXmXtZm \$ma _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. `m H$mo_w{ZXmXr åhUOo BWë`m J«m_g§ñWm. JmdÀ`m Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ d Ym{_©H$ {dH$mgmV `m g§ñWm§Zr \$ma _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Omdbr Amho. `m g§ñWm nmoVw©JrO BWo `oÊ`mnydunmgyZ ApñVËdmV hmoË`m. OwÝ`m H$mir `m g§ñWm§Zm "JmdH$mar' Ago åhUÊ`mV `oV hmoVo. {VÀ`m gXñ`m§Zm "JmdH$ma' Aer CnmYr bmdÊ`mV `oV hmoVr. B. g. 1882 _Ü`o nmoVw©JrOm§Zr `m g§ñWoMm OwZm H$m`Xm _moS>rV H$mTy>Z "aoJwbm_|Vmo XwAe Xo H$mo_w{ZXmX' hm ZdrZ H$m`Xm A§_bmV AmUyZ Ë`m_Ü`o \$ŠV eoVr{df`H$ Am{U ^mS>onÅ>rMo hŠH$ JmdH$marZm {Xbo d BVa gd© hŠH$ gaH$manmer R>oD$Z `m g§ñWm Xw~ù`m Ho$ë`m. H$mo_w{ZXmX hm eãX Jmo_§VH$mV \$ŠV 120 dfmªnydu Ambm. `m JmdH$marMo Xáa _amR>r ^mfoV R>odÊ`mV `oV hmoVo. ^mfm _amR>r Va {bnr _moS>r. Jmo_§VH$mVrb B{Vhmg nwam{^boI g§MmbZmb`mV `m g§~§YrMo nwamdo CnbãY AmhoV. _moS>r {bnrbm B{Vhmg AgyZ B§J«Or ^mfoV Á`mà_mUo bhmZ d _moR>r Aem {bnr CnbãY AmhoV, Ë`mMà_mUo nydu _moS>rbm _amR>rMr bhmZ {bnr åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmV hmoVo. _moS>r {bnrMm CJ_ Voamì`m eVH$mV Pmbm. _hmXodamd `mXd `m amOmMm àYmZ ho_mS>n§VmZo `m {bnrMm emoY bmdbm. Jmo_§VH$mVgwÕm `m {bnrMm Cn`moJ 13 ì`m eVH$mnmgyZ Xáar ^mfm åhUyZ H$aÊ`mV `oV hmoVm.

_amR>r ZmQ>H$m§Zr Va Jmo_§VH$mMr _amR>r ^mfm g_¥Õ Ho$br. Xadfu OÌm, {e_JmoËgd, JUoemoËgd d BVa dm{f©H$moËgdmV hOmamo ZmQ>H$m§Mo à`moJ Ho$bo OmVmV. OwÝ`m H$mimVrb BWë`m VrZ ZmQ>çg§ñWmZr _hmamï—>mV ì`mdgm{`H$ a§J^y_rda AZoH$ ZmQ>ç à`moJ gmXa Ho$bo. lr em§VmXwJm© H$i§JwQ>H$arU àmgm{XH$ ZmQ>ç_§S>i, H$i§JwQ> (B. g. 1889), b{bVà^m, didB© (B. g. 1920) Am{U a§J~moYoÀNw>, åhmngm (1926). `m ZmQ>çg§ñWm§Zr AZoH$ Zm_m§{H$V ZQ> {Z_m©U Ho$bo.

Jmo_§VH$mÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm_m{OH$, gm{hpË`H$ d ZmQ>çjoÌmV _amR>r ^mfoMo ñWmZ Jmo_§VH$s`m§Mr _mV¥^mfm åhUyZ Zoh_rM A~m{YV am{hb.

A°S²>.nm§Sw>a§J ZmJ|Ð ZmJdoH$a
AÜ`j
Jmo_§VH$ _amR>r AH$mX_r, nUOr